Browsing by Author "Akgül, Bünyamin"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 50

Analysis of temporal and spatial expression of drosophila embryonic small RNAs by deep-sequencing method
(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2012) Coşacak, Mehmet İlyas; Akgül, Bünyamin
The world of small RNAs is expanding and new types of small RNAs are being identified. By using deep-sequencing techniques in addition to most abundant small RNAs; miRNA and siRNA, piRNA and tRFs were further characterized and shown to be functional. The global behavior of small RNAs during MZT and their location in the cytoplasmic complexes has not been shown. By combining polysomal fractionation and deep-sequencing technique as well as the highly regulated developmental stages in Drosophila we have shown that the temporal and spatial expression of small RNAs changes during MZT. We have shown that each small RNA group has unique behaviour in cytoplasm and is enriched in specific polysomal fractions which shows that their local function in cytoplasmic complexes is mainly translational machinery.
Analysis of TNFRSF10B-As long-noncoding RNA's effects on various cancer cell properties
(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2019-12) Alkan, Ayşe Hale; Akgül, Bünyamin
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) being longer than 200 nucleotides constitute a different class of RNA molecules. Several studies indicated that they have regulatory role in cellular processes including cancer development. Some of them have exclusively high expression in particular cancer types and regulate certain cancer cell properties. This renders them potential biomarker or therapeutic target in cancer. In this study, effects of a candidate lncRNA TNFRSF10B-AS and lncCAMTA1 on cancer cell properties were investigated. Candidate lncRNAs from Doxorubicin, Fas mAB, TNF-alpha and Cisplatin treated HeLa cell line were chosen and their expression level was measured in different cell lines including healthy (BEAS2B and MCF10A), metastatic (H1299 and MDA-MB- 231) and non-metastatic cell lines (A549 and MCF-7) by qPCR. From a few candidates lncCAMTA1 and TNFRSF10B-AS were selected for further analysis. qPCR results obtained from comparison of different cancer cell lines showed that their expression differs at least in one comparison of cell lines. TNFRSF10B-AS silencing decreased proliferation of HeLa cells. lncCAMTA1 was silenced or overexpressed in HeLa cells but phenotypic effect couldn’t be detected by apoptosis and cell proliferation assay. Additionally, phenotypic effect also couldn’t be observed in other cell lines when TNFRSF10B-AS was silenced.
Cloning of polysome-associated small RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster embryos
(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2009) Yiğit, Hatice; Akgül, Bünyamin
Genome-encoded regulatory small RNAs are classified into 3 groups; microRNAs (miRNAs), endogeneous small interfering RNAs (endo siRNAs) and piwi interacting RNAs (piRNAs). miRNAs, 17-21 nucleotide in size, are involved in posttranscriptional gene regulation via precise or imprecise base pairing with target mRNAs resulting in either target mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. Endo siRNAs ,on the other hand, may function transposon regulation but their precise regulatory function and mechanism have not been elucidated yet. piRNAs are mainly involved in transposon silencing in spermatogenesis. Despite their discovery, biological roles and modes of functions of small RNAs remain to be elucidated. The aim of this thesis was to identify polysome-associated small RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster embryos by deep sequencing and investigate their role in translational regulation. Deep sequencing and microarray results determined stage and fraction specific distribution of genome encoded small RNAs. Surprisingly, the results implied that mRNAs may be posttranscriptionally regulated by antisense transcripts in polysome.
Citation - Scopus: 0
Cytoplasmically localized tRNA-derived fragments inhibit translation in Drosophila S2 cells
(TUBITAK, 2022) Hamid,S.M.; Akgül,B.; Akgül, Bünyamin; Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü; Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü
Transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) serve not only as amino acid carriers during translation but also as a template for the biogenesis of short fragments that can regulate gene expression. Despite recent progress in the function of tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs), their intracellular localization, protein partners, and role in regulating translation are not well understood. We used synthetic tRFs to investigate their localization and function in Drosophila S2 cells. Under our experimental setting, all synthetic tRFs tested were localized at distinct sites within the cytoplasm in a similar manner in Drosophila S2 cells. Cytoplasmically-localized tRFs were positioned in close proximity to GW182 and XRN1 proteins. Functionally, tRFs, which slightly suppressed proliferation in S2 cells, inhibited translation without any major shift in the polysome profile. These results suggest that 5’-tRFs are cytoplasmically-localized and regulate gene expression through inhibition of translation in Drosophila. © TÜBİTAK.
Citation - WoS: 6
Deep sequencing reveals two jurkat subpopulations with distinct miRNA profiles during camptothecin-induced apoptosis
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2018) Erdogan, Ipek; Cosacak, Mehmet Ilyas; Nalbant, Ayten; Akgul, Bunyamin; Akgül, Bünyamin
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs of about 19-25 nt that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally under various cellular conditions, including apoptosis. The miRNAs involved in modulation of apoptotic events in T cells are partially known. However, heterogeneity associated with cell lines makes it difficult to interpret gene expression signatures, especially in cancer-related cell lines. Treatment of the Jurkat T-cell leukemia cell line with the universal apoptotic drug, camptothecin, resulted in identification of two Jurkat subpopulations: one that is sensitive to camptothecin and another that is rather intrinsically resistant. We sorted apoptotic Jurkat cells from nonapoptotic ones prior to profiling miRNAs through deep sequencing. Our data showed that a total of 184 miRNAs were dysregulated. Interestingly, the apoptotic and nonapoptotic subpopulations exhibited distinct miRNA expression profiles. In particular, 6 miRNAs were inversely expressed in these two subpopulations. The pyrosequencing results were validated by real-time qPCR. Altogether, these results suggest that miRNAs modulate apoptotic events in T cells and that cellular heterogeneity requires careful interpretation of miRNA expression profiles obtained from drug-treated cell lines.
Citation - WoS: 0
Dietary Garlic Prevents Development of Diabesity in Mice
(Federation Amer Soc Exp Biol, 2009) Tu, Chen-Pei David; Akgul, Bunyamin; Lin, Kai-Wei; Pan, Huei-Ju; Chen, Yen-Hui; Lu, Tzu-Huan; Chen, Yuan-Tsong; Akgül, Bünyamin
[No Abstract Available]
Citation - WoS: 0
Dietary garlic prevents development of or alleviates diabetes and obesity in mice
(Federation Amer Soc Exp Biol, 2011) Tu, Chen-Pei David; Yang, Hui-Mei Ou; Lin, Kai-Wei; Akgul, Bunyamin; Chen, Yen-Hui; Lu, Tzu-Huan; Chen, Yuan-Tsong; Akgül, Bünyamin
[No Abstract Available]
Citation - Scopus: 13
Differentially expressed tRNA-derived small RNAs co-sediment primarily with non-polysomal fractions in Drosophila
(MDPI AG, 2017) Akgül, Bünyamin; Yiğit,H.; Coşacak,M.İ.; Akgül,B.
Recent studies point to the existence of poorly characterized small regulatory RNAs generated from mRNAs, rRNAs and tRNAs. To explore the subcellular location of tRNA-derived small RNAs, 0–1 and 7–8 h Drosophila embryos were fractionated on sucrose density gradients. Analysis of 12,553,921 deep-sequencing reads from unfractionated and fractionated Drosophila embryos has revealed that tRFs, which are detected mainly from the 5’ends of tRNAs, co-sediment with the non-polysomal fractions. Interestingly, the expression levels of a subset of tRFs change temporally following thematernal-to-zygotic transition in embryos. We detected non-polysomal association of tRFs in S2 cells as well. Differential tRF expression pattern points to developmental significance at the organismal level. These results suggest that tRFs are associated primarily with the non-polysomal complexes in Drosophila embryos and S2 cells. © 2017 by the authors.
Citation - WoS: 3
Endogenous heat shock protein GroEL of A. actinomycetemcomitans preferentially targets primary human CD8+T cells
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2015) Kant, Melis; Akgul, Bunyamin; Nalbant, Ayten; Akgül, Bünyamin
Apoptosis can be used to manipulate host cells by bacterial products such as bacterial heat shock proteins (Hsp). One of the virulence factors of periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is heat shock protein GroEL (AaGroEL), which has been shown to interact with host cells. AaGroEL (Hsp64) also has the potential to modulate immune system cells. In this study we used endogenous AaGroEL protein as an antigen to study bacterial Hsp-induced apoptosis in different immune system cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell lines were cultured with different doses (50-1000 ng/mL) of endogenous AaGroEL at various time points. Apoptosis of the cells was measured by Annexin V and 7AAD labeling. Apoptotic cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Our data suggested that AaGroEL-responding primary CD8+ T cells were more susceptible to apoptosis than CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the magnitude of apoptosis in the Jurkat T cell line was higher than that in primary CD8+ T cells. There was no statistically significant level of apoptosis in the chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cell line, which belongs to myeloid lineages. Thus, A. actinomycetemcomitans GroEL protein has more potent apoptotic effect on cells that are derived from a lymphoid progenitor.
Endogenous heat shock protein GroEL of A. actinomycetemcomitans preferentially targets primary human CD8+ T cells
(2015) Aldanmaz Nalbant, AYTEN; Akgül, Bünyamin; Akgül, Bünyamin; Kant, Melis
Apoptosis can be used to manipulate host cells by bacterial products such as bacterial heat shock proteins (Hsp). One of the virulence factors of periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is heat shock protein GroEL (AaGroEL), which has been shown to interact with host cells. AaGroEL (Hsp64) also has the potential to modulate immune system cells. In this study we used endogenous AaGroEL protein as an antigen to study bacterial Hsp-induced apoptosis in different immune system cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell lines were cultured with different doses (50-1000 ng/mL) of endogenous AaGroEL at various time points. Apoptosis of the cells was measured by Annexin V and 7AAD labeling. Apoptotic cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Our data suggested that AaGroEL-responding primary CD8+ T cells were more susceptible to apoptosis than CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the magnitude of apoptosis in the Jurkat T cell line was higher than that in primary CD8+ T cells. There was no statistically significant level of apoptosis in the chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cell line, which belongs to myeloid lineages. Thus, A. actinomycetemcomitans GroEL protein has more potent apoptotic effect on cells that are derived from a lymphoid progenitor.
Citation - Scopus: 70
Endogenous miRNA Sponges
(Humana Press Inc., 2022) Akgül, Bünyamin; Akgül,B.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs of 17–22 nucleotides in length with a critical function in posttranscriptional gene regulation. These master regulators are themselves subject to regulation both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. Recently, miRNA function has been shown to be modulated by exogenous RNA molecules that function as miRNA sponges. Interestingly, endogenous transcripts such as transcribed pseudogenes, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and mRNAs may serve as natural miRNA sponges. These transcripts, which bind to miRNAs and competitively sequester them away from their targets, are naturally existing endogenous miRNA sponges, called competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Here we present a historical background of miRNAs, exogenous and endogenous miRNA sponges as well as some examples of endogenous miRNA sponges involved in regulatory mechanisms associated with various diseases, developmental stages, and other cellular processes. © 2022, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Citation - Scopus: 4
Epitranscriptomics Changes the Play: m6A RNA Modifications in Apoptosis
(Springer, 2022) Akçaöz,A.; Akgül, Bünyamin; Akgül,B.
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is essential for cellular and organismal homeostasis. Any irregularities that disturb the balance between apoptosis and cell survival have severe implications, such as improper development or life-threatening diseases. Thus, it is highly critical to maintain a proper rate of apoptosis throughout development. In fact, several complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms exist in eukaryotes to critically regulate the rate of apoptotic processes. Recent studies suggest that not only RNA sequences but also their modifications, such as m6A methylation, play a fundamental role in these transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. A specific set of proteins, called writer, eraser, and reader of m6A marks, modulate the rate of apoptosis by determining the m6A repertoire and the fate of certain transcripts associated with apoptosis. In this Review, we will cover the dynamic m6A RNA modifications and their impact on modulation of apoptosis. © 2022, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Examination of stable intronic sequence RNA profile under apoptotic conditions
(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022-07) Kara, Merve; Akgül, Bünyamin
Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death. Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic drug, activates intrinsic pathway of apoptosis while TNF-alpha, a death ligand, activates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Noncoding RNAs involve in regulation of apoptotic pathways at post-transcriptional level. Stable intronic sequence RNAs (sisRNAs) are the novel class of non-coding RNAs which can be generated by splicing- dependent and independent mechanisms. sisRNAs transcribed from their intronic promoter may contain 5’ cap and polyA tail. Despite the reports of several studies about sisRNAs in Xenopus and Drosophila, a genome-wide profile of sisRNAs in human is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to identify sisRNAs profile that are transcribed from their intronic promoter under cisplatin- and TNF-alpha- mediated apoptosis conditions. In this thesis study, the deep sequencing of total RNA, polyA + and polyA eliminated fractions from cisplatin-, TNFalpha-, DMSO-treated cells were performed. Differentially expressed intronic transcripts were analysed by DE-kupl algorithm. The intronic transcripts both in total RNA and polyA + RNA fractions but not in polyA eliminated fractions were screened visually on Integrated Genome Viewer (IGV) and selected as sisRNA candidateS. 48 sisRNA candidates were detected in cisplatin-treated data while 33 sisRNA candidates were detected in TNF-alpha- treated data. 5’ and 3’ RACE PCRs were performed for determination of transcriptional units of sisRNA candidates. Overexpression of sisRDOCK7-IT1 caused 8.09% increase in total apoptosis of HeLa cells in 48 hours. sisRDOCK7-IT1 triggers the activation of apoptosis but the mechanism of its induction of apoptosis is still unknown.
Citation - Scopus: 18
Experimental MicroRNA Detection Methods
(Humana Press Inc., 2022) Akgül, Bünyamin; Akgül,B.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considerably small yet highly important riboregulators involved in nearly all cellular processes. Due to their critical roles in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, they have the potential to be used as biomarkers in addition to their use as drug targets. Although computational approaches speed up the initial genomewide identification of putative miRNAs, experimental approaches are essential for further validation and functional analyses of differentially expressed miRNAs. Therefore, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective microRNA detection methods are imperative for both individual and multiplex analysis of miRNA expression in different tissues and during different developmental stages. There are a number of well-established miRNA detection methods that can be exploited depending on the comprehensiveness of the study (individual miRNA versus multiplex analysis), the availability of the sample and the location and intracellular concentration of miRNAs. This review aims to highlight not only traditional but also novel strategies that are widely used in experimental identification and quantification of microRNAs. © 2022, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Citation - WoS: 10
Garlic Accelerates Red Blood Cell Turnover and Splenic Erythropoietic Gene Expression in Mice: Evidence for Erythropoietin-Independent Erythropoiesis
(Public Library Science, 2010) Akgul, Bunyamin; Lin, Kai-Wei; Yang, Hui-Mei Ou; Chen, Yen-Hui; Lu, Tzu-Huan; Chen, Chien-Hsiun; Tu, Chen-Pei D.; Akgül, Bünyamin
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been valued in many cultures both for its health effects and as a culinary flavor enhancer. Garlic's chemical complexity is widely thought to be the source of its many health benefits, which include, but are not limited to, anti-platelet, procirculatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neuro-protective, and anti-cancer effects. While a growing body of scientific evidence strongly upholds the herb's broad and potent capacity to influence health, the common mechanisms underlying these diverse effects remain disjointed and relatively poorly understood. We adopted a phenotype-driven approach to investigate the effects of garlic in a mouse model. We examined RBC indices and morphologies, spleen histochemistry, RBC half-lives and gene expression profiles, followed up by qPCR and immunoblot validation. The RBCs of garlic-fed mice register shorter half-lives than the control. But they have normal blood chemistry and RBC indices. Their spleens manifest increased heme oxygenase 1, higher levels of iron and bilirubin, and presumably higher CO, a pleiotropic gasotransmitter. Heat shock genes and those critical for erythropoiesis are elevated in spleens but not in bone marrow. The garlic-fed mice have lower plasma erythropoietin than the controls, however. Chronic exposure to CO of mice on garlic-free diet was sufficient to cause increased RBC indices but again with a lower plasma erythropoietin level than air-treated controls. Furthermore, dietary garlic supplementation and CO treatment showed additive effects on reducing plasma erythropoietin levels in mice. Thus, garlic consumption not only causes increased energy demand from the faster RBC turnover but also increases the production of CO, which in turn stimulates splenic erythropoiesis by an erythropoietin-independent mechanism, thus completing the sequence of feedback regulation for RBC metabolism. Being a pleiotropic gasotransmitter, CO may be a second messenger for garlic's other physiological effects.
Citation - WoS: 3
Gene Reporter Assay to Validate MicroRNA Targets in Drosophila S2 Cells
(Humana Press inc, 2014) Akgul, Bunyamin; Goktas, Cagdas; Akgül, Bünyamin
Bioinformatics programs have helped tremendously in identifying the targets of microRNAs, which are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. However, the partial complementarity between miRNAs and their targets hinders the accuracy of target prediction, necessitating the use of experimental validation procedures. Here, we describe a gene reporter assay typically used in our lab to validate putative miRNA-mRNA interactions in Drosophila S2 cells.
Citation - Scopus: 9
Genomewide m6A Mapping Uncovers Dynamic Changes in the m6A Epitranscriptome of Cisplatin-Treated Apoptotic HeLa Cells
(MDPI, 2022) Alasar,A.A.; Akgül, Bünyamin; Tüncel,Ö.; Gelmez,A.B.; Sağlam,B.; Vatansever,İ.E.; Akgül,B.
Cisplatin (CP), which is a conventional cancer chemotherapeutic drug, induces apoptosis by modulating a diverse array of gene regulatory mechanisms. However, cisplatin-mediated changes in the m6A methylome are unknown. We employed an m6A miCLIP-seq approach to investigate the effect of m6A methylation marks under cisplatin-mediated apoptotic conditions on HeLa cells. Our high-resolution approach revealed numerous m6A marks on 972 target mRNAs with an enrichment on 132 apoptotic mRNAs. We tracked the fate of differentially methylated candidate mRNAs under METTL3 knockdown and cisplatin treatment conditions. Polysome profile analyses revealed perturbations in the translational efficiency of PMAIP1 and PHLDA1 transcripts. Congruently, PMAIP1 amounts were dependent on METTL3. Additionally, cisplatin-mediated apoptosis was sensitized by METTL3 knockdown. These results suggest that apoptotic pathways are modulated by m6A methylation events and that the METTL3–PMAIP1 axis modulates cisplatin-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells. © 2022 by the authors.
Citation - WoS: 9
Genomewide m⁶A Mapping Uncovers Dynamic Changes in the m⁶A Epitranscriptome of Cisplatin-Treated Apoptotic HeLa Cells
(Mdpi, 2022) Alasar, Azime Akcaoz; Tuncel, Ozge; Gelmez, Ayse Bengisu; Saglam, Buket; Vatansever, Ipek Erdogan; Akgul, Bunyamin; Akgül, Bünyamin
Cisplatin (CP), which is a conventional cancer chemotherapeutic drug, induces apoptosis by modulating a diverse array of gene regulatory mechanisms. However, cisplatin-mediated changes in the m(6)A methylome are unknown. We employed an m(6)A miCLIP-seq approach to investigate the effect of m(6)A methylation marks under cisplatin-mediated apoptotic conditions on HeLa cells. Our high-resolution approach revealed numerous m(6)A marks on 972 target mRNAs with an enrichment on 132 apoptotic mRNAs. We tracked the fate of differentially methylated candidate mRNAs under METTL3 knockdown and cisplatin treatment conditions. Polysome profile analyses revealed perturbations in the translational efficiency of PMAIP1 and PHLDA1 transcripts. Congruently, PMAIP1 amounts were dependent on METTL3. Additionally, cisplatin-mediated apoptosis was sensitized by METTL3 knockdown. These results suggest that apoptotic pathways are modulated by m(6)A methylation events and that the METTL3-PMAIP1 axis modulates cisplatin-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells.
Genomic profiling of microRNAs regulating translation in drosophila melanogaster embryos
(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2008) Tüncel, Özge; Akgül, Bünyamin
Among the small RNAs, microRNAs are a particular class of 21 to 23 nucleotide RNAs that negatively regulate translation and play a pivotal role in posttranscriptional gene expression. microRNAs are found in many phyla that control such diverse events as metabolism, cell fate, cell death and development.The aim of this study is to investigate molecular mechanism of miRNAmediated translational regulation by profiling developmentally important microRNAs according to their translational status and to identify new microRNAs that have roles in translational regulation during the embryogenesis of Drosophila. Following RNA purification from different embryonal stages the fractionated RNAs were analyzed by microRNA microarray. Preliminary results show that 9 miRNAs were expressed in both stages whereas 60 miRNAs were accumulated in RNA fractions of 8 hour embryos.Also there are 2 miRNAs in all fractions of both stages in Drosophila embryos. It can be concluded that most of them were expressed in late embryonal development and there does not appear to be a switch in microRNA profiles in fractions for different stages of embryos. The preliminary results suggest that microRNAs may suppress protein synthesis at pre-initiation and initiation phases based on the microarray data.Further studies are required to solidify the preliminary findings.
Genomik Profilleme Yöntemiyle T Lenfositlerinde Apoptozu Düzenleyen mikroRNA'ların Tanımlanması
Akgül, Bünyamin; Akgül, Bünyamin; Akgül, Bünyamin; Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü
Biyolojik homeostazın temin edilmesinde temel bir işlevi olan ve evrimsel olarak oldukça muhafaza edilmiş olan hücre ölümü, ihtiyaç fazlası hücreler ile sağlığı tehdit eden antijenlerin vücuttan uzaklaştırılması için oldukça önemlidir. Apoptoz sinyal iletim yolağında rol oynayan ilk molekülün tanımladığı 1992 yılından bu yana bir dizi protein tanımlanmıştır. Ancak apoptoz sadece proteinler tarafından değil, mikroRNA (miRNA) adı verilen ve boyutları 17-25 nükleotit arasında değişen çok küçük kodlamayan RNA’lar tarafından da düzenlenmektedir. Apoptozu düzenleyen miRNA’ların tanımlanması, hücre ölümünün moleküler mekanizmasının anlaşılması ve insan sağlığının korunması için oldukça önemlidir. T lenfositlerinde apoptozu düzenleyen miRNA’ları tanımlamak amacıyla Jurkat hücreleri genel apoptoz indükleyici kamptotesin ilacıyla muamele edilmiştir. Kamptotesim muamelesi sonrası, apoptoza duyarlı ve dirençli hücreler birbirinden ayrıştırılmıştır. Mikroarray, derin sekanslama ve qPCR teknikleri kullanılarak her iki grubun miRNA profilleri kamptotesinle muamele edilmeyen negatif örneklerin miRNA profiliyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalı profil analizi sonrası her üç grup hücrede ifade edilen miRNA miktarına göre beş grup miRNA belirlenmiştir. miR-18a, 26a ve 92a-1* ölen hücrelerde baskılanmakta miR-7, 106b*, 221, ve 1268 ise ölmeyen hücrelerde aşırı ifade edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu grup miRNA anti-apoptotik olarak görev yapmaktadırlar. miR-128 ve 720, ölmeyen hücrelerde aşırı ifade edilirken ölen hücrelerde baskılanmakta dolayısıyla anti-apoptotik miRNA grubunda bulunmaktadırlar. miR-24 ve 766 sadece dirençli hücrelerde baskılandığından apoptotik miRNA olabilirler. miR-30c, 186, 142-5p ve 320 hem duyarlı hem de dirençli hücrelerde baskılandığından muhtemelen apoptozla ilgileri olmayıp ilaç metabolizması veya stres gibi diğer hücresel yanıtlarda rol oynuyor olabilirler.